不同灌溉方式对农田土壤性状和花生落果率的影响

于2014―2015年度麦茬花生生长季,设置移动式管灌、微喷带灌溉和不灌溉3种处理,研究了不同灌溉方式下农田土壤体积质量、土壤孔隙度、水稳定性土壤团聚体组成、花生产量和花生落果率的变化。结果表明,与移动式管灌处理相比,微喷带灌溉处理的土壤体积质量、粒径小于0.25 mm水稳定性土壤团聚体数量和花生落果率分别降低了7.6%、6.4%和66.8%,土壤孔隙度增加了8.4%,而2处理间花生产量没有显著差异。综合考虑花生产量,土壤物理性状和花生落果率的变化,微喷带灌溉是试验条件下能够降低花生收获难度的灌溉方式。     

中国粮食主产区主要气象因子时空演变特征及其对参考作物蒸散量影响

准确评估粮食主产区气象因子变化特征及对参考作物蒸散量(reference crop evapotranspiration,ET0)的影响,对农田水文循环、区域农业水资源优化配置与高效利用等具有重要意义。利用中国粮食主产区258个气象站点1961―2013年的逐日气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith公式计算ET0,通过M-K趋势检验法、偏相关分析、多元线性回归计算贡献率等方法,分析了1961—2013年中国粮食主产区主要气象因子时空演变及其对ET0变化的贡献特征。结果表明,1961—2013年中国粮食主产区相对湿度、温度、降水在空间上由南至北呈降低趋势,而日照时间和风速则由南至北呈增高趋势;1961—2013年中国粮食主产区全区、温带湿润半湿润地区(I区)、温带干旱半干旱地区(II区)、亚热带湿润地区(III区)及暖温带半湿润地区(IV区)多年平均气温均呈增大趋势,平均风速、相对湿度、降水与日照时间均呈减小趋势;1961—2013年中国粮食主产区年内ET0均呈锯齿状下降,且ET0在四季呈现出夏季春季秋季冬季的特征;多年平均风速、气温、日照时间与ET0在全区及各分区总体均显著正相关(P0.05),而相对湿度与ET0在全区及各分区均极显著负相关(P0.01);1961—2013年中国粮食主产区全区及I~IV区气温、风速、相对湿度对ET0变化均具有较大贡献,其中相对湿度为I区、III区及IV区的主要气象驱动因子,其次为平均气温和风速;而II区ET0变化的主要驱动因子为风速,其平均贡献率WII(风速)为0.37;综上所述,中国粮食主产区主要气象因子变化特征与ET0的响应,均呈现出区域性、季节性差异。     

Impact of high temperatures on the marketable tuber yield and related traits of potato

A rapid warming of 2.8–5.3 °C by the end of this century is expected in South Korea. Considering the current temperature during the spring potato growing season (emergence to harvest; ca. 18 °C), which is near the upper limit of the optimum temperature for potato yield, the anticipated warming will adversely affect potato production in South Korea. The present study assessed the impact of high temperature on the marketable tuber yield and related traits of cv. Superior (which makes up 71% of the annual potato production in South Korea) in four temperature-controlled plastic houses and an outdoor field (37.27°N, 126.99°E) during 2015–2016. The target temperatures of the four plastic houses were set to ambient (AT), AT+1.5 °C, AT+3.0 °C, and AT+5.0 °C. The marketable tuber yield was significantly reduced by 11% per 1 °C increase over a temperature range of 19.1–27.7 °C. The negative impact of high temperature was associated not only with the yield loss of total tubers, which was mostly explained by the slower tuber bulking rate, but also the reduced marketable tuber ratio under temperatures above 23 °C, which was mainly attributed to the reduced number of marketable tubers (r = 0.79***). Under moderate temperatures below 23 °C, the source limited the number of marketable tubers without reducing the marketable tuber ratio. In contrast, the number of marketable tubers was limited by the marketable tuber set at the early growth stage rather than the source under the higher temperatures, which resulted in the reduction in the marketable tuber ratio below 56%. These results suggest that the objectives of breeding and agronomic management for adapting to the rapid warming in South Korea should include maintaining the ability to form tubers at the early growth stage under high temperatures, as well as the photosynthetic capacity and sink strength of the tubers.     

长期免耕对不同土层土壤结构与有机碳分布的影响

为探明长期翻耕与免耕条件下不同土层深度土壤结构稳定性及其有机碳分布特征,在长期定位试验中分层(0~10 cm、10~20 cm、…、90~100 cm)采集免耕和常规耕作处理下混合土样和原状土样进行土壤结构与有机碳的测定,结果表明:(1)随着土层的加深,0.5~2.0 mm和大于2.0 mm粒级团聚体含量表现为逐渐降低的趋势,而其他粒级团聚体含量呈增加趋势。免耕更利于提高大粒级团聚体(0.5 mm)的含量,且土壤结构的稳定性显著提高,其作用深度在50 cm以上。(2)随着土层的加深,土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳均表现为先增加后降低再趋于稳定的趋势。免耕处理在0~80 cm土层的土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳均高于常规耕作处理。(3)随着土层的加深,不同粒级团聚体总有机碳含量呈降低趋势,大粒级团聚体中含有较高的有机碳。免耕更利于0~40 cm土层不同粒级团聚体总有机碳含量的提高。随着土壤团聚体粒级的降低,土壤活性有机碳含量呈降低趋势。与常规耕作相比,除0.053~0.250 mm粒级团聚体外,免耕提高了0~20 cm土层各粒级团聚体中活性有机碳含量。(4)随着土层的加深,各粒级团聚体中有机碳对土壤总有机碳的贡献率表现为先降低后增加再降低的趋势。不同粒级团聚体中,大于2.0 mm和小于0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率在0~100 cm土层均低于其他粒级团聚体。在0~20 cm、30~40 cm和90~100 cm土层,免耕处理各粒级团聚体有机碳累积贡献率均高于常规耕作。     

保水材料对河套灌区土壤硝态氮和铵态氮动态变化的影响

为了研究内蒙古河套灌区农业化肥面源污染检测和治理措施,采用大田土壤淋溶试验,分析了河套灌区农田在保水材料处理下,玉米生育期内土壤硝态氮、铵态氮累积量及动态变化特征。结果表明,与CK相比,保水材料处理玉米苗期土壤NO_3~--N累积量平均提高20.49%,收获期平均降低13.98%;苗期土壤NH_4~+-N累积量平均提高35.21%,收获期平均降低28.93%。保水材料有效地抑制了氮素的淋溶损失,提高了氮素利用率,同时保证了玉米生育后期有效氮的供应,避免短时间内氮素的大量累积,在一定程度上减少了化肥面源污染,为农业面源污染治理提供有力措施。     

宁夏中部干旱区滴灌条件下枸杞耗水规律研究

通过开展枸杞覆膜与不覆膜滴灌田间试验,研究了覆膜和灌溉定额对枸杞产量的影响以及枸杞耗水规律。结果表明,(1)除F6(灌溉定额2 160 m3/hm2)、F7(灌溉定额2 430 m3/hm2)处理外,覆膜处理产量均高于不覆膜处理。随灌溉定额增大,覆膜和不覆膜枸杞产量均先增大后减小。当灌溉定额为1 620 m3/hm2时,覆膜和不覆膜枸杞产量均最高,覆膜枸杞产量最高为10 400.7 kg/hm2,不覆膜枸杞产量最高为9 923.40 kg/hm2。(2)不覆膜比覆膜处理全生育期耗水量平均值高19.02 mm。覆膜与不覆膜枸杞各生育期耗水量及耗水模系数随生育期延长均先增大后减小,均呈"果熟期落叶期开花初期春梢生长期"的变化趋势。(3)覆膜枸杞各处理水分利用效率平均为2.99 kg/m3,不覆膜枸杞各处理水分利用效率平均为2.76 kg/m3,覆膜高于不覆膜。除F6(灌溉定额2 160 m3/hm2)、F7(灌溉定额2 430 m3/hm2)处理外,膜下滴灌枸杞各处理的水分利用效率(WUE)均高于不覆膜。枸杞膜下滴灌技术有利于保持土壤水分,减少棵间蒸发,有效节约水资源,适宜在宁夏中部干旱区广泛推广。     

Clinical Therapeutic Effect of Praziquantel Injection on Buffalo Schistosomiasis

To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of 30% praziquantel injection on buffalo schistosomiasis, the sick buffalos naturally infected with Schistosoma japonicum were selected by miracidium hatching method. In experimental clinical trials, sick buffalos were randomly divided into five groups, high-dose (20 mg/kg), middle-dose (10 mg/kg) and low-dose (5 mg/kg) praziquantel injection groups, praziquantel tablet group (30 mg/kg) and positive control group. After the treatment of 30 d, the negative conversion rate of miracidium were 100.0%, 100.0%, 77.8% and 85.7%, respectively, in praziquantel injection groups with the high, middle and low dose and oral medication group. In expanded clinical trials, the sick buffalos were randomly divided into two groups, praziquantel injection group (10 mg/kg, i.m.) and praziquantel tablet group (30 mg/kg). The results showed that, the negative conversion rate of miracidium were all 100% in the former 52 patients and the latter 6 patients after 30 d. The research confirmed that praziquantel injection was significantly effective in the treatment of buffalo schistosomiasis and convenient for administration. It was concluded that 30% praziquantel injection could replace the traditional oral praziquantel tablet for the treatment of buffalo schistosomiasis, and the recommended dose was 10 mg/kg.     

应用发酵牛粪垫料提高奶牛生产性能的研究

[目的]评估发酵牛粪对奶牛的安全性,并检验其在生产中的应用效果.[方法]比较发酵前后牛粪水分的变化,检测其细菌种类和数量,评价发酵牛粪的安全性.[结果]发酵牛粪没有能诱使奶牛发病的致病菌.临床应用时,试验组牛舍NH3含量稍高于对照组;试验组乳房炎和肢蹄病的发病率均低于对照组.2组隐性乳房炎增幅近似;试验组牛体清洁度评分优于对照组;试验组躺卧率高于对照组;发酵牛粪对奶牛的奶产量基本没有影响.[结论]发酵牛粪作为牛床垫料是可行且安全的.     

江苏沿海三市乡村旅游的海滨资源保护与开发

海滨乡村旅游是乡村旅游与海洋特色的结合体。本文首先探讨了江苏沿海三市的旅游发展现状，继而分析了江苏海滨发展乡村旅游的优势及存在的问题，最后，在此基础上提出了发展江苏海滨乡村旅游的对策：加大海滩保护力度、加强体验型旅游产品开发、打造独具特色的精品旅游区以及加强与沪浙和山东的旅游区域合作。     

蒸汽爆破技术在玉米秸秆饲料化利用中的研究进展

玉米秸秆是作物残余物中最丰富的木质纤维素生物质之一,主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素通过氢键及其他化学键、分子键结合而成,是具有复杂聚合结构的高分子化合物,作为动物饲料的可利用率较低。蒸汽爆破即汽爆,是应用蒸汽弹射原理实现爆炸过程中对生物质预处理的技术。将蒸汽爆破技术应用于玉米秸秆处理,可高效分离纤维素,对玉米秸秆具有明显的解聚作用,有利于提高玉米秸秆的饲料化利用程度。作者介绍了蒸汽爆破工艺原理与参数,综述了蒸汽爆破处理对玉米秸秆纤维结构、化学成分和酶解产糖的影响,以及对玉米秸秆的营养成分消化率和瘤胃微生物附着的影响。已有研究表明,蒸汽爆破可使蒸汽分子渗入植物组织,经过瞬时释放将内能转化为机械能,作用于生物质组织细胞层间,达到原料分解的目的;蒸汽爆破可改变玉米秸秆的纤维结构,降低半纤维素和木质素含量,提高纤维素含量(随着蒸汽爆破的压强和维压时间的增加,半纤维素含量显著降低,而物料含水率的增加会导致纤维素含量升高);蒸汽爆破可提高玉米秸秆体外发酵酶解产糖率,随着蒸汽爆破压强和维压时间的增加,玉米秸秆体外培养酶解还原糖产量增加;蒸汽爆破可使玉米秸秆的体外发酵产气量、产气速率、干物质和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著提高,可提高反刍动物对玉米秸秆的消化利用率,充分利用玉米秸秆的纤维素,提高玉米秸秆的营养价值;蒸汽爆破通过破坏玉米秸秆的表面结构,可促进瘤胃微生物在玉米秸秆上的附着,从而促进玉米秸秆的降解。综上,蒸汽爆破技术处理玉米秸秆可提高其作为饲料的利用率。